Classical conditioning of proboscis extension in honey bees. For information on how to conduct proboscis conditioning experiments see this web site and Abramson, C.I. (1990). Invertebrate Learning: A Laboratory Manual and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

In this clip a crab is shown pressing a lever. The reinforcement is squid paté. For more information about this work see: Abramson, C.I., & Feinman, R.D. (1990). Lever-press conditioning in the crab. Physiology & Behavior, 48, 267-272 and Abramson, C.I. (1990). Invertebrate Learning: A Laboratory Manual and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

More crayfish feeding behavior. This film clip is courtesy of Zhanna Shuranova and Yuri Burmistrov. To learn more about their work see: Abramson, Shuranova, & Burmistrov, Russian Contributions to Invertebrate Behavior (Prager, 1996).

Crayfish feeding behavior. This film clip is courtesy of Zhanna Shuranova and Yuri Burmistrov. To learn more about their work see: Abramson, Shuranova, & Burmistrov, Russian Contributions to Invertebrate Behavior (Prager, 1996).

A free-flying bee taking sucrose solution from a target. For information how to conduct this experiment see: this web site and Abramson, C.I. (1990). Invertebrate Learning: A Laboratory Manual and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

A harnessed housefly accepting sucrose solution. For information on how to conduct this experiment see: Abramson, C.I., Onstott, T., Edwards, S., & Bowe, K. (1996). Classical-conditioning demonstrations for elementary and advanced courses. Teaching of Psychology, 23, 26-30.

Houseflies are captured in preparation for proboscis conditioning. For information on how to conduct this experiment see: Abramson, C.I., Onstott, T., Edwards, S., & Bowe, K. (1996). Classical-conditioning demonstrations for elementary and advanced courses. Teaching of Psychology, 23, 26-30.

Once the animal is confined to a glass vial it is placed inside on ice. In a few minutes the bee is rendered unconscious. Once unconscious they are ready to be harnessed.

Crayfish accepting a worm from the hand of an experimenter. This rare clip is based on the work of Zhanna Shuranova and Yuri Burmistrov. For more information about their work see: Abramson, Shuranova, & Burmistrov, Russian Contributions to Invertebrate Behavior (Prager, 1996).

Leg position learning in a locust. This clip was kindly provided by Dr. Robin Forman who originated the technique. When the leg reaches a certain position an armature moves within reach of the mouth parts allowing the animal to feed (grass is the reinforcer). For information how to conduct this experiment see: Abramson, C.I. (1990). Invertebrate Learning: A Laboratory Manual and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Using nail polish to identify a honey bee during a free-flying experiment. It is interesting to note that honey bees are repelled by "cheap" nail polish. For additional information see: Abramson, C.I. (1990). Invertebrate Learning: A Laboratory Manual and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Honey bee are captured in glass vials in preparation for chilling (this is a necessary step in proboscis conditioning).

This clip demonstrates the method involved in classical conditioning of withdrawal in the earthworm. For more information see: Abramson, C.I., & Buckbee, D.A. (1995). Pseudoconditioning in earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris): Support for nonassociative explanations of classical conditioning phenomena through an olfactory paradigm. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 109, 390-397.