Resources for Computing and Evaluating Factor Scores


This web site offers a number of resources for computing and evaluating factor scores in the context of an exploratory factor analysis. The information herein is presented in a relatively nontechnical fashion and is directed primarily toward researchers and practitioners. Specific details regarding many of the ideas herein can be found in Grice (2001), a recent special issue of Multivariate Behavioral Research, or in one of many excellent articles published on factor scores.


Information Regarding Factor Scores


SAS IML Programs for Computing and Evaluating Factor Score Estimates.

These programs are reported and described in: Grice, J. W. (2001). Computing and evaluating factor scores. Psychological Methods, 6, 430-450. (Raw Data and Correlation Matrix reported in this manuscript).

Evaluating Refined (Exact) Factor Scores

Computing Coarse (Inexact) Factor Scores, based on...
  • Thurstone's Regression (Equation 5).  {example} {annotated output}
  • ten Berge et al. (Equation 8).
  • Bartlett (Equation 9).
  • "Idealized Variables" (Equation 10)
  • Evaluating Coarse Factor Scores
  • Program for evaluating composite factor scores.  {example} {annotated output}

  • References for Factor Scores

  • Methods and Formulas for Computing Factor Scores
  • Factor Score Indeterminacy
  • Factor Score Indeterminacy: Extensive Commentary in Multivariate Behavioral Research (Vol. 31, 1996)
  • Manuscripts Comparing or Discussing Different Methods of Computing Factor Scores

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    * If you are aware of a relevant reference that is not listed, please send it to me and I will add it.


    Complete Tables of Results (in .pdf format) from: Grice, J. W. (2001). A comparison of factor scores under conditions of factor obliquity. Psychological Methods, 6, 67-83.



    Page Create and Maintained by: James W. Grice, Ph.D.
    Department of Psychology , Oklahoma State University
    Last Update: 30 August, 2002
    All of the information in these pages should be considered as copyrighted material and treated accordingly.